Structured Query Language 即結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言,簡稱 SQL。SQL 是一種特殊目的的編程語言,是一種數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢和程序設(shè)計語言,用于存取數(shù)據(jù)以及查詢、更新和管理關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng);同時也是數(shù)據(jù)庫腳本文件的擴展名。SQL 語句的種類還和數(shù)量都很多,其中的很多語句也是經(jīng)常要用到的,下面就把常用的 SQL 語句分類整理一下,并且還可以打包下載,希望能對你有所幫助。
CREATE DATABASE database-name
drop database dbname
--- 創(chuàng)建 備份數(shù)據(jù)的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'
--- 開始 備份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根據(jù)已有的表創(chuàng)建新表:
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用舊表創(chuàng)建新表)
B
:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
drop table tabname
Alter table tabname add column col type
注:列增加后將不能刪除。DB2中列加上后數(shù)據(jù)類型也不能改變,唯一能改變的是增加varchar類型的長度。
Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
刪除主鍵:
Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
刪除索引:
DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除重新建。
create view viewname as select statement
刪除視圖:
drop view viewname
select * from table1 where 范圍
insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
delete from table1 where 范圍
update table1 set field1=value1 where 范圍
select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’
---like的語法很精妙,請查資料!
select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
select count as totalcount from table1
select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
A: UNION 運算符
UNION 運算符通過組合其他兩個結(jié)果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重復(fù)行而派生出一個結(jié)果表。當 ALL 隨
UNION一起使用時(即 UNION ALL),不消除重復(fù)行。兩種情況下,派生表的每一行不是來自 TABLE1 就是來自 TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 運算符
EXCEPT 運算符通過包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重復(fù)行而派生出一個結(jié)果表。當 ALL 隨
EXCEPT 一起使用時 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重復(fù)行。
C: INTERSECT 運算符
INTERSECT
運算符通過只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重復(fù)行而派生出一個結(jié)果表。當 ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一起使用時
(INTERSECT ALL),不消除重復(fù)行。
注:使用運算詞的幾個查詢結(jié)果行必須是一致的。
A、left (outer) join:
左外連接(左連接):結(jié)果集幾包括連接表的匹配行,也包括左連接表的所有行。
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
B:right (outer) join:
右外連接(右連接):結(jié)果集既包括連接表的匹配連接行,也包括右連接表的所有行。
C:full/cross (outer) join:
全外連接:不僅包括符號連接表的匹配行,還包括兩個連接表中的所有記錄。
一張表,一旦分組 完成后,查詢后只能得到組相關(guān)的信息。
組相關(guān)的信息:(統(tǒng)計信息) count,sum,max,min,avg 分組的標準)
在SQLServer中分組時:不能以
text,ntext,image類型的字段作為分組依據(jù)
在selecte統(tǒng)計函數(shù)中的字段,不能和普通的字段放在一起;
分離數(shù)據(jù)庫: sp_detach_db; 附加數(shù)據(jù)庫:sp_attach_db 后接表明,附加需要完整的路徑名
sp_renamedb 'old_name', 'new_name'
方法一:(僅用于SQlServer)
select * into b from a where 1<>1
方法二:
select top 0 * into b from a
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from a;
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具體數(shù)據(jù)庫’ where 條件
例子:
..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where..
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b )
或者:
select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數(shù)值1 and 數(shù)值2
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ......
select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f開始時間,getdate())>5
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段
具體實現(xiàn):
關(guān)于數(shù)據(jù)庫分頁:
declare @start int,@end int
@sql nvarchar(600)
set @sql=’select top’+str(@end-@start+1)+’+from T where rid not in(select top’+str(@str-1)+’Rid from T where Rid>-1)’
exec sp_executesql @sql
注意:在top后不能直接跟一個變量,所以在實際應(yīng)用中只有這樣的進行特殊的處理。Rid為一個標識列,如果top后還有具體的字段,這樣做是非常有好處的。因為這樣可以避免 top的字段如果是邏輯索引的,查詢的結(jié)果后實際表中的不一致(邏輯索引中的數(shù)據(jù)有可能和數(shù)據(jù)表中的不一致,而查詢時如果處在索引則首先查詢索引)
select top 10 * form table1 where 范圍
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
select newid()
1、
delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)
2、
select distinct * into temp from tablename
delete from tablename
insert into tablename select * from temp
評價: 這種操作牽連大量的數(shù)據(jù)的移動,這種做法不適合大容量但數(shù)據(jù)操作
3、例如:在一個外部表中導(dǎo)入數(shù)據(jù),由于某些原因第一次只導(dǎo)入了一部分,但很難判斷具體位置,這樣只有在下一次全部導(dǎo)入,這樣也就產(chǎn)生好多重復(fù)的字段,怎樣刪除重復(fù)字段
alter table tablename
--添加一個自增列
add column_b int identity(1,1)
delete from tablename where column_b not in(
select max(column_b) from tablename group by column1,column2,...)
alter table tablename drop column column_b
select name from sysobjects where type='U' // U代表用戶
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
顯示結(jié)果:
type vender pcs
電腦 A 1
電腦 A 1
光盤 B 2
光盤 A 2
手機 B 3
手機 C 3
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc
“where 1=
1” 是表示選擇全部 “where 1=2”全部不選,
如:
if @strWhere !=''
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
end
else
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
end
我們可以直接寫成:
錯誤!未找到目錄項。
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定'+ @strWhere
--重建索引
DBCC REINDEX
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
--收縮數(shù)據(jù)和日志
DBCC SHRINKDB
DBCC SHRINKFILE
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
go
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
GO
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
GO
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
GO
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
@MaxMinutes INT,
@NewSize INT
USE tablename -- 要操作的數(shù)據(jù)庫名
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想設(shè)定的日志文件的大小(M)
Setup / initialize
DECLARE @OriginalSize int
SELECT @OriginalSize = size
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
DECLARE @Counter INT,
@StartTime DATETIME,
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(),
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
EXEC (@TruncLog)
-- Wrap the log if necessary.
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName)
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
BEGIN -- Outer loop.
SELECT @Counter = 0
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
BEGIN -- update
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') DELETE DummyTrans
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1
END
EXEC (@TruncLog)
END
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
DROP TABLE DummyTrans
SET NOCOUNT OFF
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
AS
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
select 'Name' = name,
'Owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
order by name
OPEN curObject
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
if @Owner=@OldOwner
begin
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
end
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
END
close curObject
deallocate curObject
GO
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end
案例 :
有如下表,要求就裱中所有沒有及格的成績,在每次增長0.1的基礎(chǔ)上,使他們剛好及格:
Name score
Zhangshan 80
Lishi 59
Wangwu 50
Songquan 69
while((select min(score) from tb_table)<60)
begin
update tb_table set score =score*1.01
where score<60
if (select min(score) from tb_table)>60
break
else
continue
end
Select * From TableName Order By CustomerName Collate Chinese_PRC_Stroke_ci_as //從少到多
select encrypt('原始密碼')
select pwdencrypt('原始密碼')
select pwdcompare('原始密碼','加密后密碼') = 1--相同;否則不相同 encrypt('原始密碼')
select pwdencrypt('原始密碼')
select pwdcompare('原始密碼','加密后密碼') = 1--相同;否則不相同
declare @list varchar(1000),
@sql nvarchar(1000)
select @list=@list+','+b.name from sysobjects a,syscolumns b where a.id=b.id and a.name='表A'
set @sql='select '+right(@list,len(@list)-1)+' from 表A'
exec (@sql)
EXEC master..xp_fixeddrives
if (select checksum_agg(binary_checksum(*)) from A)
=
(select checksum_agg(binary_checksum(*)) from B)
print '相等'
else
print '不相等'
DECLARE hcforeach CURSOR GLOBAL FOR SELECT 'kill '+RTRIM(spid) FROM master.dbo.sysprocesses
WHERE program_name IN('SQL profiler',N'SQL 事件探查器')
EXEC sp_msforeach_worker '?'
開頭到N條記錄
Select Top N * From 表
N到M條記錄(要有主索引ID)
Select Top M-N * From 表 Where ID in (Select Top M ID From 表) Order by ID Desc
N到結(jié)尾記錄
Select Top N * From 表 Order by ID Desc
案例
示例1:一張表有一萬多條記錄,表的第一個字段 RecID 是自增長字段, 寫一個SQL語句, 找出表的第31到第40個記錄。
select top 10 recid from A where recid not in(select top 30 recid from A)
分析:如果這樣寫會產(chǎn)生某些問題,如果recid在表中存在邏輯索引。
select top 10 recid from A where……是從索引中查找,而后面的select top 30 recid from A則在數(shù)據(jù)表中查找,這樣由于索引中的順序有可能和數(shù)據(jù)表中的不一致,這樣就導(dǎo)致查詢到的不是本來的欲得到的數(shù)據(jù)。
解決方案
1, 用order by select top 30 recid from A order by ricid 如果該字段不是自增長,就會出現(xiàn)問題
2, 在那個子查詢中也加條件:select top 30 recid from A where recid>-1
示例2:查詢表中的最后以條記錄,并不知道這個表共有多少數(shù)據(jù),以及表結(jié)構(gòu)。
set @s = 'select top 1 * from T where pid not in (select top ' + str(@count-1) + ' pid from T)'
print @s exec sp_executesql @s
select Name from sysobjects where xtype='u' and status>=0
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('表名')
select name from syscolumns where id in (select id from sysobjects where type = 'u' and name = '表名')
注:以上兩種方式的效果相同
select a.* from sysobjects a, syscomments b where a.id = b.id and b.text like '%表名%'
select name as 存儲過程名稱 from sysobjects where xtype='P'
select * from master..sysdatabases D where sid not in(select sid from master..syslogins where name='sa')
或者:
select dbid, name AS DB_NAME from master..sysdatabases where sid <> 0x01
select column_name,data_type from information_schema.columns
where table_name = '表名'
--創(chuàng)建鏈接服務(wù)器
exec sp_addlinkedserver 'ITSV ', ' ', 'SQLOLEDB ', '遠程服務(wù)器名或ip地址 '
exec sp_addlinkedsrvlogin 'ITSV ', 'false ',null, '用戶名 ', '密碼 '
--查詢示例
select * from ITSV.數(shù)據(jù)庫名.dbo.表名
--導(dǎo)入示例
select * into 表 from ITSV.數(shù)據(jù)庫名.dbo.表名
--以后不再使用時刪除鏈接服務(wù)器
exec sp_dropserver 'ITSV ', 'droplogins '
--連接遠程/局域網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)(openrowset/openquery/opendatasource)
--1、openrowset
--查詢示例:
select * from openrowset( 'SQLOLEDB ', 'sql服務(wù)器名 '; '用戶名 '; '密碼 ',數(shù)據(jù)庫名.dbo.表名)
--生成本地表:
select * into 表 from openrowset( 'SQLOLEDB ', 'sql服務(wù)器名 '; '用戶名 '; '密碼 ',數(shù)據(jù)庫名.dbo.表名)
--把本地表導(dǎo)入遠程表:
insert openrowset( 'SQLOLEDB ', 'sql服務(wù)器名 '; '用戶名 '; '密碼 ',數(shù)據(jù)庫名.dbo.表名)
select *from 本地表
--更新本地表:
update b
set b.列A=a.列A
from openrowset( 'SQLOLEDB ', 'sql服務(wù)器名 '; '用戶名 '; '密碼 ',數(shù)據(jù)庫名.dbo.表名)as a inner join 本地表 b
on a.column1=b.column1
--openquery用法需要創(chuàng)建一個連接
--首先創(chuàng)建一個連接創(chuàng)建鏈接服務(wù)器
exec sp_addlinkedserver 'ITSV ', ' ', 'SQLOLEDB ', '遠程服務(wù)器名或ip地址 '
--查詢
select *
FROM openquery(ITSV, 'SELECT * FROM 數(shù)據(jù)庫.dbo.表名 ')
--把本地表導(dǎo)入遠程表
insert openquery(ITSV, 'SELECT * FROM 數(shù)據(jù)庫.dbo.表名 ')
select * from 本地表
--更新本地表
update b
set b.列B=a.列B
FROM openquery(ITSV, 'SELECT * FROM 數(shù)據(jù)庫.dbo.表名 ') as a
inner join 本地表 b on a.列A=b.列A
--3、opendatasource/openrowset
SELECT *
FROM opendatasource( 'SQLOLEDB ', 'Data Source=ip/ServerName;User ID=登陸名;Password=密碼' ).test.dbo.roy_ta
--把本地表導(dǎo)入遠程表
insert opendatasource( 'SQLOLEDB ', 'Data Source=ip/ServerName;User ID=登陸名;Password=密碼 ').數(shù)據(jù)庫.dbo.表名
select * from 本地表
更多建議: